BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
"ABOUT ‘RAPID-FIRE’ GUNS.” Washington Post 10 July 1898, pg 23 sec.: n. pag. Adobe file. This article explains the difference between rapid-fire technology and machine gun technology as of 1898.
American Memory. 3 July 1898. Digital File from Intermediary Roll Film. Digital ID-det 4al48l0. Detroit Co Photograph Collection, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. This is a photograph of the U.S.S Union, A maxim machine gun and Gunner Smith.
Breech mechanism. N.d. yahoo. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. <http://wpcontent.answers.com/////e/Ferguson_rifle.jpg/px-Ferguson_rifle.jpg>. Breech loading was a mechanism for guns and was important to th invention of repeating firearms. This helped me visualize breech-loading.
Cannon. N.d. swordsandarmor.com/. Web. 10 Jan. 2010. <http://www.swordsandarmor.com//IN40B_Miniature_Cannon.JPG>. Cannons were one of the first very effective weapons. This picture helped me because it shows you what cannons look like epically back in the day.
Gatling Gun. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. <http://www.abtryassoc.org/images/GatlingGun2.jpg>. This is a picture of a Gatling gun from 1897.
Gardner Machine Gun. N.d. home.comcast.net. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://home.comcast.net/~light123//.jpg>. This is a picture of the Gardner machine gun. This is not one of the more familiar machine guns, but it did impress a lot of people at testings.
Gatling, Richard Jordan. The Gatling Gun. N.d. archives.gov. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.archives.gov//_for_democracy/symbols_and_substance//_gun.html>. This is an old fashioned picture of the Gatling Gun. This design was created by Mr.Gatling himself.
Gatling Rapid-Fire Gun. N.d. nps.gov/spar. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.nps.gov///machine-guns.htm>. This a great picture of the Gatling gun. It is even a better picture because I am able to say that I visited the Springfield Armory and actually saw it.
German police officer fires Schmeisser MP.18,I submachine gun (circa 1920). N.d. worldguns. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://world.guns.ru//-e.htm>. This is a picture of the first true sub-machine gun. The reason this was the first true sub-machine gun is because the other’s were not used in combat in World War I.
Gunpowder. N.d. www.vivatea.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://www.vivatea.com///gunpowder.jpg>. This picture shows you what gunpowder looks like.
Henery rifle. N.d. yahoo. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. <http://www.uberti.com///1860_henry_rifle_lg.jpg>. This is a picture of a Henry Rifle. The Henry rifle was the first repeating firearm.
Hiram Maxim with his Machine-gun. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmaxim.jpg>. This is a photo of Hiram Maxim next to his own Maxim machine-gun.
Hynes, Samuel. The Soldier’s Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War. New York: Penguin Group, 1997. Print. This source has a compilation of journal entries, memoirs and letters from the actual men who fought in the two World Wars. Autobiography and history is combined as we see the psychology of warfare and the important points of change in the different wars.
Indian Trade Musket. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.davide-pedersoli.com///.282.jpg&imgrefurl=http://arms2armor.com//product232.html&usg=__9Sj31Xc1_rZ8YLyv1AvMXatS8vc=&h=663&w=3543&sz=118&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=Lw4RTf3ANaT3JM:&tbnh=28&tbnw=15>. This is a picture of the musket. The musket was one of the first easily portable weapons.
John Thompson. N.d. portalestoria. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://www.portalestoria.net/%20105/John_Thompson%5B1%5D.jpg>. This is a picture of John Thompson. John Thompson was the inventer of the Tommy Gun.
Khan, Amil. Sudan Tribune 3 Sept. 2005: n. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2010. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=11447>. This article talks about the battle on Sept.2 1898. Th maxim gun fired 500 rounds per minute. 12,00 Sudanese fighters died and only 50 British solders died.
“Machine guns and smokeless powder.” The Washington Post 2 Oct. 1890: 4. Web. 3 Dec. 2009. Not only is this article written in 1890 it also has direct quotes from Mr.Maxim. This article gives a little bit of understanding on how the manufacturing of guns happened.
MG42. 19 Dec. 2009. Personal photograph by author. JPEG file. This is a picture that I took at the Springfield Armory. The MG42 was a very important machine gun. Although we never talk about this machine gun in are project it is a good picture of what some of the early world war II machine guns looked like.
Musket paper cartraidge. N.d. bing.com. Web. 16 Jan. 2010. <http://www.bing.com//?q=musket+pape+cartridge&form=QBIR&qs=n#focal=ebb1ca2b09a57ecfeea927b2f5a09da3&furl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andersonmilitaria.com%2Fimages%2Fmisc%2Fmexwar%2FSpencerCivilWarCartridges.jpg>. This is what paper cartridges looked like.
New weapon demostrated in 1916. N.d. http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=9&hid=4&sid=c89ed8a6-9741-4d67-9980-6021eb9f846a@sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=khh&authdb=vih&AN=0065#db=khh&authdb=vih&AN=0065. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. <http://web.ebscohost.com//?vid=9&hid=4&sid=c89ed8a6-9741-4d67-9980-6021eb9f846a@sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=khh&authdb=vih&AN=0065#db=khh&authdb=vih&AN=0065>. This is a great picture of a machine gun demonstration that happened in 1916 called the Lawrence Mount gun.
“Not Titled.” The Stars and Stripes 16 Aug. 1918: n. pag. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. This is an actual newspaper article discussing the infantries going into action and the exact details that occurred
Old cannon. N.d. Yahoo.com. Web. 16 Jan. 2010. <http://cemetery.innersource.com////cannon.jpg>. This is a picture of an old cannon.
Old musket bullet. N.d. flickr. Web. 16 Jan. 2010. <http://farm3.static.flickr.com//_03b1c0db0f.jpg?v=0>. This is a picture of a musket bullet.
ppsh-41. N.d. www.danzenterprises.com. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://www.danzenterprises.com/_Pictures/.jpg>. This is a picture of the ppsh-41. The ppsh-41 was one of the first Russian submachine guns.
Richard Jordan Gatling. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Richard_Jordan_Gatling.jpg/225px-Richard_Jordan_Gatling.jpg>. Picture of Richard Jordan Gatling.
Sir Hiram Maxim with his Maxim Gun. N.d. American Characters, Bett Mann Archive. American Heritage. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. This photograph is of the actual inventor of the Maxim machine gun. It shows an actual photo of him with this innovative invention that helped to change the war.
Spencer rifle. N.d. About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://z.about.com/////////Spencer1.jpg>. This is a picture of the Spencer rifle. The Spencer rifle was the main repeating rifle of the Civil War because the Henry rifle was unable to mass produce.
“Tests Of Rapid Fire Machine Guns.” Washington Post 13 July 1894, Page 4 sec.: n. pag. ADOBE file. This article was written July 13, 1894 and it talks about the testing of different types of rapid fire machine guns.
Thompson. N.d. http://www.freewebs.com/raf-ss/Thompson.jpg. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. <http://www.freewebs.com/ss/.jpg>. This is a picture of the Thompson sub-machine gun. This was the first sub-machine gun that the U.S had.
Todayinsci.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. <http://www.todayinsci.com/G/Gatling_Richard/GatlingRichard-Quotations.htm>. This is a quote from the famous creator of the Gatling gun, Richard Jordan Gatling.
“Use Of Machine Guns.” Washington post 30 Apr. 1916: n. pag. TheWashingtonPost.com. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. This article was very helpful. The article talks about Major John Henry Parker and two recommendations for using obsolete machine guns.
The US Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon performed at Springfield Armory NHS in May 2005. May 2005. Springfeild armory. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://www.nps.gov///.htm>. This is a picture of the Springfield Armory. In the civil war the Springfield Armory produced 50% of all guns.
Villar-Perosa submachine gun in museum exposition. N.d. World.guns.ru. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://world.guns.ru//smg00-e.htm>. This is a picture of the first sub-machine gun.
Secondary Sources
Belloc, Hilaire. Christiansquoting.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2010. <http://www.christiansquoting.org.uk/authorsB.htm>. This is a poem by a famous historian and writer. This poem says that whatever army this historian/writer supports, they have the Maxim machine gun and the enemies do not.
Boot, Max. War Made New Tecnology, Warfare and the Course of History. N.p.: Penguin Group, 2006. Print. This source explains how the changes in military technology are limited not to war fighting alone but play a role in shaping our world.
Bruce, Robert. Machine Guns of World War 1. N.p.: Crowood, 2008. Print. In this book, classic automatic weapons of WW1 are illustrated and described with over 200 photographs and details. This book gives good insight to the reality of war.
“Carbine.” nps.gov/spar. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://www.museum.nps.gov//.exe?IDCFile=//.IDC,SPECIFIC=13507,DATABASE=objects,ORDERBY=CATNBR,LISTIDC=//BROWSER.IDC,RECORDMAX=10,RECNO=4862,WORDS=D=’bayonet’>. This artical gave great quotes about the Spencer rifle.
The changing the face war. fora.tv. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2010. <http://fora.tv////_Face_of_Warfare>. This video is a speech made by historian Max Boot. He talks about the four major revolutions that changed the face of war.
Chinn, George M. .ibiblio. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. <http://www.ibiblio.org////MG//.html#3>. This artical indentified the first use of gunpowder in a war between two major armies.
civilwar.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://www.civilwar.si.edu/_henry.html>. This is a great website because it thorougly goes through the Henry rifle. Websites like this helped us with are interpretation.
Civil War guns (2). youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/?v=ZQPut__jYb4>. This is a great video on the evolution of repeating arms. Repeating arms were key in the invention of the machine gun.
Colton, Richard. Personal interview. 19 Dec. 2009. This is an interview that we had with an historian at the Springfield Armory. Richard Colton helped us with the big picture of firearms technology.
Duffy, Michael. “Weapons of War.” First World War. N.p., 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2009. <http://www.firstworldwar.com//chineguns.htm>. The article “Weapons & War” had a lot of information about how the machine gun worked in 1914. Our research included Sub-Machine Gun’s which were invented in this time period. Finding out what the machine gun was like at that time will help understand why the sub-machine gun was invented and the impact it had.
Ellis, John. The Social History of the Machine Gun. New York: John Hopkins UP, 1986. Print. John Ellis relates the history of the machine gun and its development and the human impact of a single machine. He illustrates his book with several photographs, engravings and drawings.
Firing a civil war musket with commands. youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doqgPsmT7tc>. This is a video showing the firing of a musket. many people do not fully understand how long it takes to shoot and reload and musket. This video help’s show this and helps people understand why repeating rifles and why they were such a big innovation.
firstworldwar.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2010. <http://www.firstworldwar.com//machineguns.htm>. This article talks about how the machine gun was invented for many reasons other then mowing down enemy lines. It was adapted to damage tanks and on aircraft devices.
Fowler, Will, Anthony North, and Charles Stronge. The History of Pistols, Revols, and Sub-Machine Guns. N.p.: Anness, 2008. Print. This book includes stories and interesting facts behind the weapons and their designs.
Fowler, Will, Anthony North, and Charles Stronge. The History of Pistols Revolvers and Submachine Guns. London: Joanna Lorenz, n.d. Print. This book “The History of Pistols Revolvers and Submachine Guns” gave the complete history of the Submachine gun. It also identified what country used which submachine gun first.
“Gatling, Richard Jordan (1818-1903).” Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1998. Galegroup.com. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. This is a narrative biography of Richard Gatling.
“Gatling, Richard Jordan (1818-1903).” Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1998. Galegroup.com. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. This is a narrative biography of Richard Gatling.
Guttmam, Jon. “Reffye mitrailleuse: Thats rapid-fire French for machine gun.” Galegroup.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. This article discusses how the worlds first machine gun came to be.
Heliograph.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2010. <http://www.heliograph.com/trmgs/trmgs4/boer.shtml>. This article talks about the first invention of smokeless powder. In the time before the smokeless powder, the riflemen would fire a bullet and because of the large amount of smoke in the air, the riflemen would get blinded by the smoke. Also this old powder jammed the guns constantly.
How a Gatling gun works. youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOzdK1yu3ds&feature=related>. This is a great video that explains how the Gatling gun fires. Most people do not understand the concept of machine guns and this video explains it for anyone to understand.
Higginson, John. “Liberating the Captives.” Galegroup.com. N.p., Fall 1992. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Gatling guns were one of the weapons used to destroy African power.
http://www.nps.gov/spar/index.htm. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2009. <http://www.nps.gov//.htm>. This is the Springfield Armory’s website and it was very helpful because it covered every section of the museum.
Husrst, Michelle. “SPRINGFIELDS, ENFIELDS, AND BROWNINGS.” SPRINGFIELDS, ENFIELDS, AND BROWNINGS. V: n. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. This article was very helpful in my research. It was a brief article on what the first major guns were and also on their impact.
Jordan, Jonathan W. “Hiram Maxim’s Machine Gun Probualy Claimed More Lives than Any Other Weapon Ever Made.” Military History Oct. 2002: 16-19. General OneFile. Web. 6 Nov. 2009. Hiram Maxim was an inventor who created the maxim machine gun because of the flaws with the gatling gun.
“The Lincoln Log.” http://www.thelincolnlog.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://www.thelincolnlog.org///>. This a daily log of Abraham Lincolns life. This log showed the entry of Christopher Spencer giving President Lincoln the Spencer Rifle.
The Magazine of History: n. pag. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://mrlincolnshightechwar.com/_files/_story.html>. This is a diary of when Christopher Spencer visited President Lincon to talk about the Spencer Rifle.
“Mitrailleuse.” http://debellum.org/mitrailleuse.asp. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://debellum.org/mitrailleuse.asp>. This website helped me understand the development of the machine gun. The Mitrailleuse was the first machine gun.
Mp40. youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPd8QPb2nr0>. This video explains the features of the MP40.The video also gives you a understanding of when it was used and what it was used for. This video shows that one person can load this gun in a matter of second’s.
“Musket.” Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://school.eb.com///?query=Musket&ct=null>. This article gave a basic understating of the musket, when it was manufactured, and the measurement of the musket.
Musket. youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http:///www.youtube.com/?v=dibdwn1fByc&feature=related>. This video explains the steps to do to shoot a Musket. It shows you how tedious it is to load a Musket.
1910 maxim. youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/?v=kF9cY95qGZI&feature=related>. This video shows what it looks like to fire a Maxim machine gun.
Ripley, Tim. Weapons Technology. N.p.: Brown Reference Group, 2004. Print. This book explains how breakthrough after breakthrough to produce machines that changed war and the world forever
Sahistory.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2010. <http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/land-wars/first_war.htm>. This article talks about a tribe know as the Matabele tribe during their first war. In this war, the Matabele had 100,000 armed men ready for combat. 80,000 were spear men and 20,000 were riflemen. Those 100,000 men took on 700 British armed solders. In the end, the Matabele were no match for the 700 British solders armed with maxim machine guns.
Slade, Joseph W. “The Man behind the Killing Machine.” Invention and Technology Fall 1986: n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. This article explains in detail Hiram Maxim’s decisions as an inventor of several things including machine guns and the coarse of the maxim machine gun.
Smith, Anthony. Machine Gun. New York: St. Martin’s, 2002. Print. This book explains about the unique American Invention; the machine gun, and how it changed the way war was waged. It tells of the development of this weapon, its engineering history and the creators and how it hanged warfare.
Smith, Anthony. Machine Gun The Story Of The Men And The Weapon That Changed The Face Of War. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. One of the main reasons this was helpful is because it explained a lot about Mr.Maxim and Mr. Gatling and why they invented their weapons.
12 pound napoleon cannon. youtube. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbhSAyjeA74>. This video describes what you have to do to fire a cannon, This video also shows how it takes seven men to fire the cannon.
Snow, Richard F. “Hiram Maxim.” American Heritage June 1978: 78-79. Print. This is the original magazine article about the life of Hiram Maxim. With original photo of Hiram Maxim.
Spartacus.schoolnet. Spartacus Educational, n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Article about Hiram Maxim and how his machine gun inspired others.
The Story of the Maxim Gun. Youtube.com. Web. 25 Jan. 2010. This film talks about how the Maxim machine gun came to be and how it was used in its time. This video will be cut and put into our website on the maxim machine gun page.
Willbanks, James H. Weapons And Warfare. Santa Barba,California: ABC-CLIO,Inc, 2004. Print. Using the book Weapons and Warfare, gave a very broad understanding of the history of guns. It helped us understand the timeline and inventions that resulted in the development of the machine gun. The book covered the what, where, when, why, and how guns evolved.
winchesterguns.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://www.winchesterguns.com///.asp?family=003C&mid=534165>. This website talks about the model 1894 rifle and what it was like.
world.guns.ru. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. <http://world.guns.ru//smg00-e.htm>. This website identified the first two submachine guns. The article also states why the sub-machine gun was invented and why there was a need for it in the first place.
www.henryrpeating.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. <http://www.henryrepeating.com/.cfm>. This article on Benjamin Tyler Henry gave the history of his invention of the Henry rifle.